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"An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth …," is a useful starting place for discussion of the influence of Pope Francis, who is proving to be a remarkable activist and leader of the Roman Catholic Church.
To modern readers, the Biblical quote (Exodus 21:24) seems brutal, but the Old Testament sentiment actually represented revolutionary progress. Ancient warfare involved unrestrained killing and pillaging. By contrast, this Hebrew law codified proportionality and limits. Historically and currently, the Vatican has played an important role in restraining warfare.
Two events in December underscore the importance of the Roman Catholic Church and also the significant change in wider global societies. On the morning of Dec. 31, former Pope Benedict XVI died.
A highly respected German theologian, Benedict on becoming pope in 2005 was heralded by conservatives who saw him as a bulwark against currents of change. He denounced shocking sexual abuse in the church and excommunicated guilty priests, but was criticized for not acting earlier and his leadership style alienated many. In 2013, he resigned, the first pope to do so since 1415.
Additionally, in December a three-day conference in Rome of Catholic scholars discussed the importance of the Catholic prohibition of contraception. The event was inspired by questioning within the Vatican of the contemporary value of traditional doctrine. Pope Francis, Benedict's successor, is spurring discussion centered on change.
Francis' April 2016 letter on marriage reiterates the commitment to traditional marriage but also emphasizes tolerance for those who do not accept Catholic doctrine. That marks an important if not overdue change.
During the Cold War, Pope John Paul II provided historic leadership in foreign policy. He supported Solidarity, the successful trade union-based reform movement in his native Poland. That in turn contributed to the fall of the Soviet Union and satellite states.
Today, hunger and poverty have been significantly overcome by the great majority in industrialized nations, and political controversies now generally focus on other topics. Francis is encouraging reform on policies regarding capital punishment, the environment and lifestyles.
The World Wars of the last century reconfirmed the Catholic Church's emphasis on restraint in war. Contemporary Catholic analysis of ethics and military strategy is spearheaded by influential leaders such as J. Bryan Hehir, a senior priest who has taught at both Georgetown and Harvard.
Hehir is currently the Secretary for Health and Social Services at the Archdiocese of Boston. When sexual abuse by priests became public, with the inevitable and intense angry reaction, he bluntly and publicly criticized his church for initially mishandling such crimes by priests.
During the Cold War, J. Bryan Hehir guided the U.S. Catholic Bishops' influential report on the use of nuclear weapons. In April 2016, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry visited the memorial in Hiroshima Japan, commemorating lives lost from the 1945 atomic bomb attack.
Appropriately and understandably, he described the experience as "gut-wrenching." War is still occurring, but another global total war has been avoided. Kerry happens to be Catholic.
Global human populations since World War II have experienced extraordinary positive developments; believers from earlier periods in history would consider them miraculous. Masses of humanity are moving into relatively comfortable lives. Democracy is spreading. Wealth gaps are growing in industrialized nations, but vast global abject poverty is slowly diminishing.
Today, relative security for Americans encourages self-preoccupation. Francis pursues fundamental concerns, of universal importance, with subtle but strong, sustained reform efforts. His leadership should be supported.
Arthur I. Cyr (acyr@carthage.edu) is author of "After the Cold War ― American Foreign Policy, Europe and Asia."
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